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03 Assembly

Assembly & Constraints

Bringing parts together — mates, joints, degrees of freedom, and the assembly workflow.

Interactive 3D Model: Hinge Joint — two plates connected by interleaving knuckles and a pin, demonstrating a revolute joint.

Building Assemblies

An assembly is a collection of parts positioned relative to each other using constraints (also called "mates" or "joints"). This is where your robot comes together digitally.

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

A free body in 3D space has 6 degrees of freedom: translation along X, Y, Z and rotation around X, Y, Z. Constraints remove DOF to hold parts in the correct relationship.

Translate X
Translate Y
Translate Z
Rotate X
Rotate Y
Rotate Z
Common Constraint Types
Coincident / Fixed

Two faces or points share the same location. Removes translation DOF perpendicular to the face.

Concentric

Two cylindrical faces share an axis. Leaves rotation around and translation along the axis.

Distance / Offset

Maintains a fixed gap between faces. Like coincident but with a specified separation.

Parallel / Perpendicular

Forces faces or edges to stay parallel or at right angles to each other.

Joint Types in Robotics Assemblies
Revolute Joint — 1 rotational DOF

A hinge. One part rotates around a fixed axis. Used for: arm joints, flippers, lids.

Prismatic Joint — 1 translational DOF

A slider. One part moves along a straight line. Used for: linear actuators, drawer slides, elevators.

Cylindrical Joint — 1 rotation + 1 translation

Combines rotation and sliding along the same axis. Used for: lead screws, telescoping mechanisms.

Rigid Joint — 0 DOF

Parts are locked together. Used for: bolted connections, welded frames, glued assemblies.

Robotics Tip: Before constraining, ask yourself: "How does this part move in the real robot?" Constrain your digital assembly the same way. If a wheel spins on an axle, use a revolute joint — don't fix it rigidly.
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